Chapter 4 Guided Reading
1: List the symptoms and vectors (how spread) of the following disease:
*H1N1 (Swine Flu):
Traveled rapidly, widespread. symptoms: unusual tiredness, headache, runny nose, sore throat
*West Nile Virus:
Traveled through mosquitoes and birds. symptoms:headache, backache, muscle aches, sore throat
*SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome):
Traveled through modern transportation. symptoms: cough, difficulty breathign
2: Why are diseases that affect humans expected to increase in the future?
The human population rapidly increases, more people more disease spreads.
3: Define the following:
*Population Dynamics:
The branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces.
*A Population:
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
*Species:
A group of living organisms consisting of similarindividuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. * Demography:
statistical study of human populations
4: What are the 5 key properties of any population?
*Crude Birth Rate:
The number of live births occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year
*Crude Death Rate:
The crude death rate is the number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.
*Crude Growth Rate:
Net # added per 1000 individuals per yr; also equal to the crude birth rate- crude death rate
*TFR (Total Fertility Rate):
The average # of children expected to beborn to a woman throughout her child-bearing years.
*Doubling Time: (define and calculate?)
The # of years it takes for apopulation to double, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
*Life Expectancy Rate:
The average # of years that a person canexpect to live in full health, excluding the years lived in lass than fullhealth due to disease and/or injury.
*GNP Per Capita:
Gross national product (GNP), which includes thevalue of all domestic and foreign output.
7: What is the S-shaped or Logistic Growth Curve?
A curve that shows a small population growing rapidly, but once growth rate slows down, population will eventually become constant.
8: Explain this equation: P2 = P1 + (B - D) + (I - E)
Number of individuals in a population at some later time 2 equals the number of individuals in a population at time 1 plus the difference of number of birth and death rates plus the difference of number of immigrants and number of emigrants.
9: Explain this equation: g = (B -D)/N or g = G/N
Growth rate equals the difference of crude birth rate and crude death rate divided by total number of population.
10: What does an age-structure pyramid show?
Number of individuals in a particular age group.
11: Summarize (one paragraph) The Prophecy of Thomas Malthus:
Thomas Malthus stated that it would be impossible to maintain a rapidly multiplying human population on a finite resource base. He also said that human population is a big problem. His arguments were based off three simple premises: food is necessary for people to survive, "Passion between the sexes is necessary..."-so children will continue to be born and the power of population growth is indefinitely greater than power of earth to produce subsistence. Having a population that surpasses the amount of resources the biosphere can give us will lead to a rapid death rate in populations.
12: What is the demographic transition?
Three-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western Nations.
13: What is the difference between a maximum lifetime and life expectancy?
Maximum lifetime is the genetically determined maximum possible age to which an individual of a species CAN live. Life expectancy is the average number of years and individual can expect to live.
14: Which country has the highest life expectancy? Who is 2nd?
Japan has the highest life expectancy and sixteen other nations (including Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia) have the second highest.
15: What is the life expectancy of the United States?
78 years
16: Which country has the shortest life expectancy?
Swaziland
17: When discussing the carrying capacity of the Earth- What are the:
*Short-Term Factors:
Disruption of food distribution in a country because of drought or shortage of energy for transportation
*Intermediate-Term Factors:
Desertification; dispersal of certain pollutants such as toxic metals into waters and fisheries.
*Long-Term Factors:
Soil erosion, decline in groundwater supplies and climate change.
18: Explain how the carrying capacity of the Earth is a combination of science and of values.
New knowledge leads to new technology, which leads to a greater impact on individuals on Earth's resources and higher density of human beings.
19: What is the simplest and most effective means of slowing population growth?
Reduce fertility.
20: Three characteristics of a population are the birth rate, growth rate, and death rate. How has each been affected by (a) modern medicine, (b) modern agriculture, and (c) modern industry?
Modern medicine has greatly reduced death rates from disease in countries.
21: What is meant by the statement “What is good for an individual is not always good for a population”?
The individual’s benefit not always counts as benefit of whole population. Giving birth to your children may good for your family and yourself, but not good for the population if you have too much kids.
22: What environmental factors are likely to increase the chances of an outbreak of an epidemic disease?
Epidemic diseases typically are rate but have occasional outbreaksduring which a large proportion of the population is infected.
23:What is the demographic transition? When would one expect replacement-level fertility to be achieved—before, during, or after the demographic transition?
Demographic transition is a three-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western Nations. One would expect replacement-level fertility to be achieved during demographic transition.
24: Based on the history of human populations in various countries, how would you expect the following to change as per capita income increased: (a) birth rates, (b) death rates, (c) average family size, and (d) age structure of the population? Explain.
More elderly people, because there would be less young people because of higher income.
*H1N1 (Swine Flu):
Traveled rapidly, widespread. symptoms: unusual tiredness, headache, runny nose, sore throat
*West Nile Virus:
Traveled through mosquitoes and birds. symptoms:headache, backache, muscle aches, sore throat
*SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome):
Traveled through modern transportation. symptoms: cough, difficulty breathign
2: Why are diseases that affect humans expected to increase in the future?
The human population rapidly increases, more people more disease spreads.
3: Define the following:
*Population Dynamics:
The branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces.
*A Population:
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
*Species:
A group of living organisms consisting of similarindividuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. * Demography:
statistical study of human populations
4: What are the 5 key properties of any population?
- Abundance
- Birth rate
- Death rate
- Growth rate
- Age structure
- Hunter Gatherers
- Agricultural Revolution
- Industrial Revolution
- Modern era
*Crude Birth Rate:
The number of live births occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year
*Crude Death Rate:
The crude death rate is the number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.
*Crude Growth Rate:
Net # added per 1000 individuals per yr; also equal to the crude birth rate- crude death rate
*TFR (Total Fertility Rate):
The average # of children expected to beborn to a woman throughout her child-bearing years.
*Doubling Time: (define and calculate?)
The # of years it takes for apopulation to double, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
*Life Expectancy Rate:
The average # of years that a person canexpect to live in full health, excluding the years lived in lass than fullhealth due to disease and/or injury.
*GNP Per Capita:
Gross national product (GNP), which includes thevalue of all domestic and foreign output.
7: What is the S-shaped or Logistic Growth Curve?
A curve that shows a small population growing rapidly, but once growth rate slows down, population will eventually become constant.
8: Explain this equation: P2 = P1 + (B - D) + (I - E)
Number of individuals in a population at some later time 2 equals the number of individuals in a population at time 1 plus the difference of number of birth and death rates plus the difference of number of immigrants and number of emigrants.
9: Explain this equation: g = (B -D)/N or g = G/N
Growth rate equals the difference of crude birth rate and crude death rate divided by total number of population.
10: What does an age-structure pyramid show?
Number of individuals in a particular age group.
11: Summarize (one paragraph) The Prophecy of Thomas Malthus:
Thomas Malthus stated that it would be impossible to maintain a rapidly multiplying human population on a finite resource base. He also said that human population is a big problem. His arguments were based off three simple premises: food is necessary for people to survive, "Passion between the sexes is necessary..."-so children will continue to be born and the power of population growth is indefinitely greater than power of earth to produce subsistence. Having a population that surpasses the amount of resources the biosphere can give us will lead to a rapid death rate in populations.
12: What is the demographic transition?
Three-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western Nations.
13: What is the difference between a maximum lifetime and life expectancy?
Maximum lifetime is the genetically determined maximum possible age to which an individual of a species CAN live. Life expectancy is the average number of years and individual can expect to live.
14: Which country has the highest life expectancy? Who is 2nd?
Japan has the highest life expectancy and sixteen other nations (including Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia) have the second highest.
15: What is the life expectancy of the United States?
78 years
16: Which country has the shortest life expectancy?
Swaziland
17: When discussing the carrying capacity of the Earth- What are the:
*Short-Term Factors:
Disruption of food distribution in a country because of drought or shortage of energy for transportation
*Intermediate-Term Factors:
Desertification; dispersal of certain pollutants such as toxic metals into waters and fisheries.
*Long-Term Factors:
Soil erosion, decline in groundwater supplies and climate change.
18: Explain how the carrying capacity of the Earth is a combination of science and of values.
New knowledge leads to new technology, which leads to a greater impact on individuals on Earth's resources and higher density of human beings.
19: What is the simplest and most effective means of slowing population growth?
Reduce fertility.
20: Three characteristics of a population are the birth rate, growth rate, and death rate. How has each been affected by (a) modern medicine, (b) modern agriculture, and (c) modern industry?
Modern medicine has greatly reduced death rates from disease in countries.
21: What is meant by the statement “What is good for an individual is not always good for a population”?
The individual’s benefit not always counts as benefit of whole population. Giving birth to your children may good for your family and yourself, but not good for the population if you have too much kids.
22: What environmental factors are likely to increase the chances of an outbreak of an epidemic disease?
Epidemic diseases typically are rate but have occasional outbreaksduring which a large proportion of the population is infected.
23:What is the demographic transition? When would one expect replacement-level fertility to be achieved—before, during, or after the demographic transition?
Demographic transition is a three-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western Nations. One would expect replacement-level fertility to be achieved during demographic transition.
24: Based on the history of human populations in various countries, how would you expect the following to change as per capita income increased: (a) birth rates, (b) death rates, (c) average family size, and (d) age structure of the population? Explain.
More elderly people, because there would be less young people because of higher income.