Chapter 8 Guided Reading
1. What is biological diversity?
Refers to the variety of life forms.
2. What is a population?
Group of individuals of same species.
3. What is a species?
Individuals capable of interbreeding.
4. What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity?
Utilitarian, Public-Service, Ecological, Moral, Theological, Aesthetic, Recreational, Spiritual, and Creative
Define the following:
Eukaryota,bacteria,archaea.
6. What is biological evolution?
Change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation.
7. What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
When DNA changes through an error of reproduction or an external agent, it causes mutation. Original parents of the offspring with the mutation will not have the mutated gene, but the offspring of those offspring will.
8. What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
Process of increasing proportion of offspring. 4 primary factors are inheritance of traits, environmental variability, differential reproduction and influence of environment of survival.
8.1 A CLOSER LOOK
1. Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitoes and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates natural selection.
Malaria infects 300-400 million people a year and kills 1.1 million of them. The use of DDT prevented the mosquitoes from having malaria, thus infecting humans. Through natural selection, these mosquitoes developed a gene that made them resistant to DDT. It demonstrates natural selection;in the beginning, DDT harmed all the mosquitoes, but over time the most resistant mosquitoes reproduced to create more resistant mosquitoes.
MIGRATION AND GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
1. How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
Darwin's Finches demonstrated the idea of Adaptive Radiation by evolving into several species.
2. Define: Genetic Drift
Changes in the frequency of a gene in a population due not to a mutation, selection, or migration, but simply to chance.
3. What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
The founder effect is when a small number of individuals are isolated from a larger population. This demonstrates genetic drift by the differences they both have and how they affect the species.
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AS A STRANGE KIND OF GAME
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1. Since species are always evolving, species also becoming extinct, biological diversity is always changing.
2. Adaptation has no rigid rules. Species adapt in response to environmental conditions and complexity is apart of nature
3. Species and populations become geographically isolated from time to time and undergo the founder effect and genetic drift
4. Species are always evolving and adapting to environmental changeThe Competitive Exclusion Principle
Two species with same exact requirements cannot coexist in the same habitat
1. Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
American Gray Squirrel was introduced in GB in 1830, and undergoes competition with the Red Squirrels. It demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle, because both species of squirrels have almost the same requirements.
MEASURING NICHES
1. What is an ecological niche?
Set of all environmental conditions under which a species can persist and carry out life functions
2. What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
Fundamental niche is where a species can live. Realized is where the species is living in.
SYMBIOIS
1. In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to both- each partner in symbiosis is called a:
symbiont
2. What is an obligate symbiont?
Symbiots than cannot survive without each other.
3. Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogs.
Dogs being helpful and companionable to humans make dogs very abundant.
PREDATION AND PARASITISM
1. Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an ecosystem
When two species are competing in the same habitat, one predator feeds on a more abundant species, it can keep that prey from overwhelming the other.
HOW GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY AFFECT BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
1. In general, greater diversity occurs:
At lower latitudes
2. What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
Elevation,slope, aspect and nearness to drainage basin.
3. How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
The places affected by moderate disturbances favor different kinds of species and increase their diversity.
4. How do people affect diversity? Explain.
Urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture decreases diversity, because we reduce the number of habitats a species can live in.
Refers to the variety of life forms.
2. What is a population?
Group of individuals of same species.
3. What is a species?
Individuals capable of interbreeding.
4. What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity?
Utilitarian, Public-Service, Ecological, Moral, Theological, Aesthetic, Recreational, Spiritual, and Creative
Define the following:
- Genetic Diversity:Total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, subspecies or group of specie
- Habitat Diversity:Different kinds of habitats in a given area
- Species Diversity:Has 3 qualities, richness, evenness and dominance
- Species Richness:Total number of species
- Species Evenness: Abundance of species
- Dominant Species:Most abundant species
Eukaryota,bacteria,archaea.
6. What is biological evolution?
Change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation.
7. What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
When DNA changes through an error of reproduction or an external agent, it causes mutation. Original parents of the offspring with the mutation will not have the mutated gene, but the offspring of those offspring will.
8. What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
Process of increasing proportion of offspring. 4 primary factors are inheritance of traits, environmental variability, differential reproduction and influence of environment of survival.
8.1 A CLOSER LOOK
1. Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitoes and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates natural selection.
Malaria infects 300-400 million people a year and kills 1.1 million of them. The use of DDT prevented the mosquitoes from having malaria, thus infecting humans. Through natural selection, these mosquitoes developed a gene that made them resistant to DDT. It demonstrates natural selection;in the beginning, DDT harmed all the mosquitoes, but over time the most resistant mosquitoes reproduced to create more resistant mosquitoes.
MIGRATION AND GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
1. How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
Darwin's Finches demonstrated the idea of Adaptive Radiation by evolving into several species.
2. Define: Genetic Drift
Changes in the frequency of a gene in a population due not to a mutation, selection, or migration, but simply to chance.
3. What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
The founder effect is when a small number of individuals are isolated from a larger population. This demonstrates genetic drift by the differences they both have and how they affect the species.
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AS A STRANGE KIND OF GAME
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1. Since species are always evolving, species also becoming extinct, biological diversity is always changing.
2. Adaptation has no rigid rules. Species adapt in response to environmental conditions and complexity is apart of nature
3. Species and populations become geographically isolated from time to time and undergo the founder effect and genetic drift
4. Species are always evolving and adapting to environmental changeThe Competitive Exclusion Principle
Two species with same exact requirements cannot coexist in the same habitat
1. Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
American Gray Squirrel was introduced in GB in 1830, and undergoes competition with the Red Squirrels. It demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle, because both species of squirrels have almost the same requirements.
MEASURING NICHES
1. What is an ecological niche?
Set of all environmental conditions under which a species can persist and carry out life functions
2. What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
Fundamental niche is where a species can live. Realized is where the species is living in.
SYMBIOIS
1. In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to both- each partner in symbiosis is called a:
symbiont
2. What is an obligate symbiont?
Symbiots than cannot survive without each other.
3. Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogs.
Dogs being helpful and companionable to humans make dogs very abundant.
PREDATION AND PARASITISM
1. Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an ecosystem
When two species are competing in the same habitat, one predator feeds on a more abundant species, it can keep that prey from overwhelming the other.
HOW GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY AFFECT BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
1. In general, greater diversity occurs:
At lower latitudes
2. What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
Elevation,slope, aspect and nearness to drainage basin.
3. How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
The places affected by moderate disturbances favor different kinds of species and increase their diversity.
4. How do people affect diversity? Explain.
Urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture decreases diversity, because we reduce the number of habitats a species can live in.
CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
1. Define and give an example of each of the following:
INVASIONS, INVASIVE SPECIES, AND ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY
1. What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
A small habitat separated from a major habitat of the same kind.
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Why do introduced species often become pests?
The introduced species become pests because they replace native species in the habitat.
1. Define and give an example of each of the following:
- Convergent Evolution:Species that evolve with the same traits because they live in similar environments
- Divergent Evolution:Population divided evolves separately but retain some characteristics in common.
INVASIONS, INVASIVE SPECIES, AND ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY
1. What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
- Islands have fewer species than continents
- 2 sources of new species on an island are migration from the mainland and evolution of new species in place
- The smaller the island, the fewer the species
- The farther the island from mainland, the fewer the species
A small habitat separated from a major habitat of the same kind.
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Why do introduced species often become pests?
The introduced species become pests because they replace native species in the habitat.